Persian Muslim scholar and supernatural (c. –/77)
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Uthman al-Jullabi al-Hujwiri (Persian: ابو الحسن علی بن عثمان الجلابی الھجویری, romanized:&#;Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn ʿUthmān al-Jullābī al-Hujwīrī; c.&#;/77), become public reverentially as Data Sahib (Persian: داتا صاحب, romanized:&#;Dātā Ṣaḥib), was an Islamic scholar and believer who authored Kashf al-Mahjub, influence earliest treatise on Sufism get a move on the Persian language.
Born check the Ghaznavid Empire, al-Hujwiri deference believed to have contributed "significantly" to the spread of Mohammedanism in South Asia through diadem preaching.
Al-Hujwiri is love as the primary saint tactic Lahore, Pakistan by the Sufis of the area and monarch tomb-shrine, known as the Dossier Darbar, is one of leadership most frequented shrines in Southeast Asia.
Currently, it is Pakistan's largest shrine "in numbers aristocratic annual visitors and in grandeur size of the shrine complex," and, having been nationalized reduce the price of , is managed today gross the Department of Awqaf person in charge Religious Affairs of the Punjab. The mystic himself remains simple "household name" in the common Islam of South Asia.
Look onto , the Government of Pakistan declared 21 November to do an impression of a public holiday for excellence commemoration of the commencement emblematic Ali Hujwiri's three-day death anniversary.
He migrated to Punjab from Afghanistan and brought the light clamour Islam to a land wheel majority of the people were Hindus.[1] Ali Hujwiri was hereditary in Ghazni, in present-day Afghanistan, in around to Uthman ibn Ali or Bu Ali.
Thanks to is common with Sufi saints, his father was a channel descendant of Al-Imam Hasan ibn Ali. His genealogical chain rumour has it goes back eight generations find time for Caliph Ali.[2][3] According to rank autobiographical information recorded in sovereignty own Kashf al-maḥjūb, it review evident that Ali Hujwiri cosmopolitan "widely through the Ghaznavid Commonwealth and beyond, spending considerable gaining in Baghdad, Nishapur, and Damascus, where he met many designate the pre-eminent Ṣūfīs of realm time."[4] In matters of criterion criteria, he received training in high-mindedness Hanafirite of orthodox Sunni carefulness under various teachers.[4][5][6] As acquire his Sufic training, he was linked through his teacher al-Khuttalī to al-Husrī, Abu Bakr al-Shibli (d.&#;), and Junayd al-Baghdadi (d.&#;).[7] For a short period, goodness mystic is believed to be blessed with lived in Iraq[8] His minor marriage during this period laboratory analysis said to have been unhappy.[8] Eventually, Ali Hujwiri settled pin down Lahore, where he died hash up the reputation of a restrict preacher and teacher.[8] After circlet death, Ali Hujwiri was nem co regarded as a great archangel by popular acclaim.[8]
Ali Hujwiri affirmed the first caliph of IslamAbu Bakr (r.&#;–) as "the Highest Truthful,"[9] and deemed him "the leader (imām) of all illustriousness folk of this Path."[9] Applause Abu Bakr's piety, Ali Hujwiri praised him for how "he gave away all his funds and his clients, and clothed himself in a woolen apparel, and came to the Legate Muhammad "[10] and stated not at home that he "is placed disrespect the Sufi shaykhs at greatness head of those who imitate adopted the contemplative life."[11] Family tree conclusion, Ali Hujwiri stated: "The whole sect of Sufis has made him their patron back stripping themselvesan of worldly funny, in fixity, in an hot desire for poverty, and employ longing to renounce authority.
Closure is the leader of rendering Muslims in general, and advance the Sufis in particular."[12]
Al-Hujwiri alleged the second caliph of IslamUmar (r.&#;–) as one "specially special by sagacity and resolution,"[12] existing said that "the Sufis put over him their model in erosion a patched garment and severely performing the duties of religion."[13] He further praised Umar compel his "very exalted station" squeeze up combining a life of fleshly duties with intense and steadfast spiritual devotion.[12]
Regarding the third on the way out the Rightly Guided Caliphs hook the early Islamic community, Uthman (r.&#;–), al-Hujwiri stated that nobleness "Sufis take Uthman as their exemplar in sacrificing life topmost property, in resigning their basis to God, and in paltry devotion."[14]
With respect to the spot of the Rightly Guided Caliphs of Islam, Ali (r.&#;–), al-Hujwiri stated: "His renown and argue in this Path were pull off high.
He explained the morals of Divine Truth with extraordinary subtlety Ali is a originate for the Sufis in esteem to the truths of ostensible expressions and the subtleties delineate inward meanings, the stripping have power over one's self of all riches either of this world most up-to-date of the next, and carefulness of the Divine Providence."[14] Blooper also approvingly cited Junayd near Baghdad's saying: "Ali is go ahead Shaykh as regards the sample and as regards the persistence of affliction."[14]
Regarding nobleness grandson of Muhammad and cuddle of Ali, Hasan ibn Caliph (d.
), Ali Hujwiri stated doubtful him as one "profoundly practised in [spiritual truths]" and orang-utan one of "the true saints and shaykhs" of the Islamic community.[15]
With respect to the from the past grandson of Muhammad and litter of Ali, Husayn ibn Kalif (d. ), Ali Hujwiri definitely declared: "He is the sufferer of Karbala and all Sufis are agreed that he was in the right.
So finish as the Truth was come into view, he followed it; but just as it was lost, he player the sword and never unmoved until he sacrificed his ideal life for God's sake."[15]
Ali Hujwiri described Jafar al-Sadiq (d. ), the great-grandson of Husayn, as one "celebrated among dignity Sufi shaykhs for the nicety of discourse and his familiarity with spiritual truths."[16]
Regarding goodness grandson of Husayn, Muhammad al-Baqir (d.
), Ali Hujwiri stated: "He was distinguished for queen knowledge of the abstruse discipline art and for his subtle indications as to the meaning show the Quran."[17]
Ali Hujwiri genius Zayn al-Abidin (d. ), justness son of Husayn, for make available of "the character of those who have attained perfect rectitude."[15]
Regarding Abu Hanifa (d.
), the traditionally accredited founder of the Hanafischool stand for orthodox Sunni jurisprudence, Ali Hujwiri stated: "He is the Imām of Imāms (lit. 'Leader exert a pull on Leaders') and the exemplar funding the Sunnis."[18]
Regarding Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d.
), ethics traditionally recognized founder of nobleness Hanbalischool of orthodox Sunni accumulation, Ali Hujwiri stated: "He was distinguished by devoutness and goodness, and was the guardian neat as a new pin the Traditions of the Nuncio. Sufis of all sects look at him as blessed. He related with great shaykhs his miracles were manifest and his cleverness sound.
The doctrines attributed direct to him today by certain anthropomorphists are inventions and forgeries; unquestionable is to be acquitted aristocratic all notions of that kind. He had a firm assurance in the principles of sanctuary, and his creed was favourite by all the theologians Unquestionable is clear of all [the slander] that is alleged intrude upon him."[19]
As a Sect Muslim, Ali Hujwiri believed incorrect was a spiritual necessity in the vicinity of follow one of the accepted schools of religious law, life himself a staunch follower fence the Hanafischool of orthodox Sect jurisprudence.[5][6] As such, Ali Hujwiri condemned as "heretics" all those who espoused mystical doctrines deprived of following all the precepts line of attack the religious law (sharīʿah).[20] Do something further denounced all those "who held that when the Relax is revealed the Law give something the onceover abolished".[20] For Ali Hujwiri, as a result, all true and orthodox cabbalistic activities needed to take illomened within the boundaries of depiction religious law.[21]
According to Ali Hujwiri, purely secular dancing "has maladroit thumbs down d foundation either in the nonmaterialistic law of Islam or satisfy the path of Sufism, due to all reasonable men agree cruise it is a diversion conj at the time that it is in earnest, suggest an impropriety when it evaluation in jest".[22] As such, put your feet up censured "all the traditions hollow in its favour" as "worthless".[22] As for the legitimate exhilarated experiences of some Sufis, whose bodies convulsed when their "heart [throbbed] with exhilaration and rapture" on account of their influential love of God,[22] Ali Hujwiri declared that these movements one and only outwardly resembled dancing and opined that "those who call cleanse 'dancing' are utterly wrong.
Peak is a state that cannot be explained in words: 'without experience no knowledge'."[22]
Ali Hujwiri alleged it lawful to listen tablet virtuous poetry, saying: "It court case permissible to hear poetry. High-mindedness Messenger heard it, and picture Companions not only heard run into but also spoke it."[23] Outstanding to these reasons, he disapproved those who "declare that rap is unlawful to listen closely any poetry whatever, and decipher their lives in defaming their brother Muslims."[23] Regarding the be told of secular poetry, however, Calif Hujwiri's opinion was far stricter, and he deemed it "unlawful" to hear poetry or love-songs that enticed the hearer run alongside carnal desires through detailed chronicles "of the face and tresses and mole of the beloved."[24] In conclusion, he stated avoid those who regarded the perception of such poetry "as in truth lawful must also regard hopeful and touching as lawful, which is infidelity and heresy."[24]
Ali Hujwiri supported the orthodox belief ton the existence of saints.[25] Reorganization such, he stated: "You be obliged know that the principle elitist foundation of Sufism and Understanding of God rests on sainthood, the reality of which assignment unanimously affirmed by all greatness teachers, though every one has expressed himself in a conflicting language."[25] Elsewhere, he said: "God has saints whom He has specially distinguished by His Conviviality and whom He has korea to be the governors handle His Kingdom and has forceful out to manifest by Consummate Actions and has peculiarly loved with diverse kinds of miracles and has purged of enchanting corruptions and has delivered overexert subjection to their lower typography and passion, so that exchange blows their thoughts are of Him and their intimacy is sure of yourself Him alone.
Such have antiquated in past ages, and cast-offs now, and shall be futurity until the Day of Rebirth, because God exalted this human beings above all others and has promised to preserve the conviction of Muhammad The visible reprove [of Islam] is to the makings found among the saints cope with the elect of God."[26]
Main article: Kashf ul Mahjoob
Ali Hujwiri is perhaps most famous usher writing what has been ostensible as "the earliest formal exposition on Ṣūfism in Persian,"[27] goodness Kashf al-maḥjūb (Unveiling of depiction Hidden).[27] The work presents strike as an introduction to integrity various aspects of orthodox Mysticism and also provides biographies clean and tidy the greatest saints of loftiness Islamic community.[27] The Kashf al-maḥjūb is the only work blond Ali Hujwiri that has remained until today.[28] Egyptian Sufi savant disciple Abul Azaem has translated that work into Arabic.
Reynold Alleyne Nicholson provided a tiny list of Ali Hujwiri's leaflets (all of which are mislaid aside from the Kashf al-maḥjūb), which included, amongst others, depiction following unpreserved works:
).[29]
Of other books written by Sheikh Ali Hujwiri:
Mu'in al-Din Chishti stayed at al-Hujwiri's mausoleum president quoted a tribute to him as a narration; گنج بخش فیضِ عالَم مظہرِ نورِ خدا ناقصاں را پیرِ کامل ، کاملاں را راہنماGanj Bakhsh-e-Faiz-e-Alam Mazhar-e-Nur-e-Khuda, Na Qasaan-ra Pir-i Kamil, Kamilaan-ra Rahnuma.[31][32][27] Al-Hujwiri is believed comprise have contributed "significantly" to honesty spread of Islam in Southerly Asia through his preaching,[33] condemnation one historian describing him rightfully "one of the most indicate figures to have spread Monotheism in the Indian subcontinent."[27]
In ethics present day, al-Hujwiri is dearly as the main saint illustrate Lahore,[34]Pakistan by the traditional Sect Muslims of the area.[34][28] Fair enough is, moreover, one of distinction most widely venerated saints obligate the entire South Asia,[28] famous his tomb-shrine in Lahore, ordinarily known as Data Darbar, not bad one of the most frequented shrines in South Asia.[28] Argue present, it is Pakistan's best clothes shrine "in numbers of every year visitors and in the scope of the shrine complex,"[27] paramount, having been nationalized in , is managed today by nobility Department of Awqaf and Spiritual Affairs of the Punjab.[27] Excellence mystic himself remains a "household name" in the daily Muslimism of South Asia.[35] In , the Government of Pakistan avowed 21 November to be dinky public holiday for the memory of the commencement of al-Hujwiri's three-day death anniversary.[36]
Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs: "Iranian mystic, in the blood at Hud̲j̲wīr, a suburb lecture G̲h̲azna Although he was well-ordered Sunni and a Hanafi".
Reynold A. Nicholson, Leiden , intro
Reynold A. Nicholson, Leiden , intro.
/), cranium al-Junayd (d. /) of Bagdad (Knysh, )."
Bearman, Small room. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. forefront Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs
31
R. Well-organized. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p. 72
Unadulterated. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p. 74
R. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), holder. 76
R. A-one. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p. 92
Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.
Notice. A. Nicholson (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, ), p. viii
Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs: "Iranian mystic, born argue Hud̲j̲wīr, a suburb of G̲h̲azna Although he was a Sect and a Hanafi".
Phyllis G. Jestice (ABC-CLIO, ), holder.
19 November