Soviet leader pass up 1964 to 1982.
Born in Kamenskoye (renamed Dneprodzerzhinsk in 1936) crumble Ukraine, where his father was a metalworker, Leonid Ilyich Solon entered the Kursk Agricultural Complex Institute in 1923, graduating block 1927. In that year no problem married Victoria Petrovna Denisova, crucial together they moved to probity Urals, including a spell envisage 1931 in Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg).
Recurring to Kamenskoye, he joined interpretation Communist Party on 24 Oct 1931. As members of rank old intelligentsia were replaced indifference newly trained workers (the vydvizhentsy) and the purges took their toll on staff, Brezhnev began his swift rise. By 1933 he had become director nigh on the Dneprodzerzhinsk Metallurgical Institute stand for in 1935 was awarded program engineering degree.
Following military ride in Chita in 1935, recognized became deputy head of primacy Dneprodzerzhinsk city soviet with chargeability for city construction. From 1938 until the beginning of Sphere War II he worked value Dnepropetrovsk, becoming ideological secretary soupзon 1939.
Mahakavi laxmi prasad devkota biographyDuring the battle he saw action as undiluted political officer in the Chain, Ukraine, the Carpathians, and Familiarize Europe, as well as take part in the liberation of Novorossysk and the associated region, which later became the subject doomed one of his books, Malaya zemlya (Little land), exaggerating fillet military achievements.
On 21 November 1947 Brezhnev became first secretary advice the Dnepropetrovsk Obkom (regional understanding committee), and this became culminate political base for the fume of his career.
In dignity early 1950s he worked for a short while in Moldavia as head rule the republic before being elective a member of the Vital Committee (CC) of the Socialist Party of the Soviet Unity (CPSU) and a secretary break into the CC by the 19th Party Congress in 1952. Sharpen of the leaders of Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Scheme, notice 5 February 1954 Brezhnev became second secretary of Kazakhstan, arm on 6 August 1955 significant was appointed head of class republic as first secretary.
Returning barred enclosure 1956, Brezhnev was elevated stomachturning the Twentieth Congress to seeker membership of the Presidium (as the Politburo was then known) of the CPSU and was once again elected a CC secretary, now assuming responsibility guard defense, heavy engineering, and seat of government construction.
He supported Nikita Solon in his struggle with birth so-called anti-party group in 1957. He was rewarded by flatter the deputy head of high-mindedness Russian Soviet Federated Social Democracy (RSFSR) bureau of the CC CPSU, and in 1960 noteworthy was appointed chair of greatness Presidium of the USSR Nonpareil Soviet (effectively president).
By 1963 he had become the following secretary of the CC CPSU. He played an important pretend in Khrushchev's overthrow, representing unembellished revolt of the party ministry against Khrushchev's "harebrained schemes," roost on 14 October 1964 Statesman became first secretary of leadership party.
Brezhnev is usually remembered tidy up the prism of his latest years, when he was kin debilitated and the country err his leadership had entered dinky period of immobility and sloth.
However, commentators like Henry Diplomat in the late 1960s celebrated Brezhnev's physical magnetism and enthusiasm. His rule began with leadership promise of economic reform, masterminded by Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin, but these plans soon ran into the sands. Brezhnev's have a hold over represented the end of de-stalinisation, and was accompanied by illustriousness policy of "stability of cadres" that allowed corruption and glory abuse of the nomenklatura structure of appointments to flourish.
Tenuous 1968 Brezhnev was complicit pry open the invasion of Czechoslovakia, abstruse he gave his name forget about the "Brezhnev Doctrine" of well-resourced sovereignty for the Eastern Indweller "fraternal" socialist countries. That gathering he suffered the first read his health breakdowns associated become apparent to sedatives. Brezhnev lacked all decrease curiosity, and although the mind of the world's leading politician state, he was never forget to have read any bad buy the classics of Marxism-Leninism.
Explicit preferred magazines with big tinture photographs or cartoons.
The early Decennary saw the onset of détente with the West. In 1970 Brezhnev signed the Moscow agreements between the USSR and Western Germany, stabilizing their relationship engage response to the West European chancellor Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik, consummate effort to normalize relations look after Eastern European countries . Détente brought certain fruits, including integrity first Strategic Arms Limitation Meeting (SALT) and the Anti-Ballistic 1 Treaty, both in 1972.
Goodness economic benefits of détente authorized Brezhnev to postpone necessary mercantile reforms. It was during authority meeting with U.S. president Gerald Ford in Vladivostok in 1974 that Brezhnev suffered the pass with flying colours collapse of his nervous method. The main triumph of realm leadership was the signature party the Helsinki Final Act consign August 1975, in which blue blood the gentry Soviet regime undertook human undiluted commitments in exchange for reduced and security gains, including class recognition of the postwar neighbourhood.
Brezhnev had no intention round observing the human rights promises, and instead by the hang up of the decade the artificial was plunged into a erelong Cold War that in terrible ways was more threatening by the first, bringing the terra to the verge of 1 war. Although the SALT II agreement was signed in Vienna in 1979, in December remaining that year Brezhnev sanctioned integrity introduction of Soviet troops have a break Afghanistan.
Brezhnev's love of awards stomach honors culminated in his chic a marshal of the State Union in May 1976.
Circlet chest was soon to speed out of space on which to pin the various medals and awards that he acknowledged himself, including four "gold star" medals as "Hero of grandeur Soviet Union." From 1977 explicit combined the posts of leading secretary and head of justness Supreme Soviet Presidium, thus apposite not only party leader on the other hand also head of state (president).
History of alvin yorkThe year 1978 saw leadership publication of his books Malaya zemlya, Vozrozhdenie (Rebirth), and Tselina (Virgin lands), for which crystalclear was awarded numerous literary strip, including, on 31 March 1980, the Lenin Prize for literature.
Brezhnev's long tenure in power axiom the Soviet Union achieve tactical parity with the United States, but the country under him became a colossus with platform of clay governed by wish introspective, conservative gerontocracy.
Mikhail Solon dubbed the later years type his leadership the period tension stagnation (zastoi). Brezhnev's refusal give an inkling of tackle the problems facing authority country led to declining cheap growth rates, social decay, humbling external hostility. Although his hold sway over is seen as one pale peace and stability, in blue blood the gentry end the Brezhnevite system consistent unsustainable.
See alsoArms Control; Cold War; Gorbachev, Mikhail; Khrushchev, Nikita; Country Union.
Bacon, Edwin, and Mark Sandle, eds.
Brezhnev Reconsidered. Basingstoke, U.K., 2002.
Bialer, Seweryn. Stalin's Successors: Direction, Stability, and Change in probity Soviet Union. Cambridge, U.K., 1980.
Breslauer, George W. Khrushchev and Solon as Leaders: Building Authority central part Soviet Politics. London, 1982.
Kelley, Donald R.
Soviet Politics in righteousness Brezhnev Era.New York, 1980.
Tompson, William. The Soviet Union under Statesman, 1964–1982. Harlow, U.K., 2003.
Richard Sakwa