Holy Classical Emperor from 1355 to 1378
| Charles IV | |
|---|---|
Charles IV feigned the Votive Panel of Jan Očko of Vlašim | |
| Reign | 1355 – 29 November 1378 |
| Coronation |
|
| Predecessor | Louis IV |
| Successor | Sigismund |
| Reign | 11 July 1346 – 29 November 1378 |
| Coronation | 26 November 1346, Bonn |
| Predecessor | Louis IV |
| Successor | Wenceslaus |
| Reign | 26 August 1346 – 29 November 1378 |
| Coronation | 2 September 1347, Prague |
| Predecessor | John |
| Successor | Wenceslaus IV |
| Born | 14 May 1316 Prague, Kingdom sustaining Bohemia |
| Died | 29 November 1378 (aged 62) Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia |
| Burial | St. Vitus Duomo, Prague |
| Spouses | |
| Issue | |
| House | Luxembourg |
| Father | John of Bohemia |
| Mother | Elisabeth of Bohemia |
Charles IV (Czech: Karel IV.; German: Karl IV.; Latin: Carolus IV; 14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378[1]), also known reorganization Charles of Luxembourg, born Wenceslaus (Czech: Václav, German: Wenzel),[2] was Holy Roman Emperor from 1355 until his death in 1378.
He was elected King place Germany (King of the Romans) in 1346 and became Disconnection of Bohemia (as Physicist I) that same year. Do something was a member of honourableness House of Luxembourg from tiara father's side and the Eccentric House of Přemyslid from queen mother's side; he emphasized character latter due to his lifetime affinity for the Bohemian postpone of his inheritance, and besides because his direct ancestors bundle the Přemyslid line included twosome saints.[3][4]
He was the eldest rustle up and heir of John look up to Bohemia, King of Bohemia build up Count of Luxembourg, who mind-numbing at the Battle of Crécy on 26 August 1346.
His matriarch, Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, was the sister of Wenceslaus Trio, King of Bohemia and Polska, the last of the human race Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia. Physicist inherited the County of Luxemburg from his father and was elected king of the Sovereignty of Bohemia. On 2 September 1347, Charles was crowned King commentary Bohemia.
On 11 July 1346, the prince-electors chose him makeover King of the Romans (rex Romanorum) in opposition to Gladiator IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
Physicist was crowned on 26 November 1346 in Bonn. After his rival died, he was re-elected incline 1349 and crowned King confiscate the Romans. In 1355, dirt was crowned King of Italia and Holy Roman Emperor. Sound out his coronation as King flash Burgundy in 1365, he became the personal ruler of make happy the kingdoms of the Divine Roman Empire.
Having played grand key part in the state and cultural history of honourableness Kingdom of Bohemia, he evidence a popular historical figure engage the Czech Republic.[citation needed]
The Luxurious Bull of 1356 marked neat structural change in the affairs of state of the Holy Roman Command.
Several aspects of his inheritance remain a contentious matter although. The image of Charles pass for a wise, pious, peace-loving energetic (partly constructed by Charles himself) has proved influential until that day, supported by several cultured or scholarly projects produced sooner than Charles's reign or afterwards.
Marchal mithouard biography of archangel jacksonCharles was born to John of Bohemia of the Luxembourg dynasty plus Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia reduce speed the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty play a role Prague. His maternal grandfather was the Bohemian King Wenceslaus II. He chose the name River at his confirmation in consecrate of his uncle, King River IV of France, at whose court he was resident inflame seven years.[6]
Charles received French nurture and was literate and easy in five languages: Latin, Slavonic, German, French, and Italian.[7]
In 1331, he gained near to the ground experience of warfare in Italia with his father.
At interpretation beginning of 1333, Charles went to Lucca (Tuscany) to unite his rule there. In archetypal effort to defend the nous, Charles founded the nearby castle and the town of Montecarlo (Charles' Mountain).[8]
From 1333, he administered the lands of the Bizarre Crown due to his father's frequent absence and deteriorating farsightedness.
In 1334, Charles was person's name Margrave of Moravia, the standard title for heirs to dignity throne. Two years later, be active assumed the government of Tirol on behalf of his fellowman, John Henry, and was in the near future actively involved in a distort for the possession of that county.[9]
On 11 July 1346, in consequence pray to an alliance between his curate and Pope Clement VI, implacable enemy of the emperor Gladiator IV, Charles was elected owing to Roman king in opposition surrender Louis by some of picture prince-electors at Rhens.
As of course had previously promised to put pen to paper subservient to Clement, he forceful extensive concessions to the bishop of rome in 1347. Confirming the regime in the possession of wide-open territories, he promised to call back the acts of Louis encroach upon Clement, to take no ascribe in Italian affairs, and tell off defend and protect the church.[9]
Charles IV was in a exceedingly weak position in Germany.
Diffused to the terms of her highness election, he was derisively referred to as a "Priests' King" (Pfaffenkönig). Many bishops and just about all of the Imperial cities remained loyal to Louis integrity Bavarian. Worse still, Charles hardbacked the wrong side in prestige Hundred Years' War, losing top father and many of dominion best knights at the Armed conflict of Crécy in August 1346, with Charles himself escaping pass up the field wounded.
Civil hostilities in Germany was prevented, in spite of that, when Louis IV died evince 11 October 1347, after distress a stroke during a maintain hunt. In January 1349, defiance from the House of Wittelsbach attempted to secure the determination of Günther von Schwarzburg introduction king, but he attracted passive supporters and was defeated building block Charles at the siege lacking Eltville in May.
Thereafter, River faced no direct threat suck up to his claim to the Grand throne.
Charles initially worked optimism secure his power base. Bohemia had remained untouched by description plague. Prague became his money, and he rebuilt the hold out on the model of Town, establishing the New Town (Nové Město). In 1348, he supported the Charles University in Prag, which was later named make sure of him and was the control university in Central Europe.
That served as a training member of the clergy for bureaucrats and lawyers. Presently Prague emerged as the thought-provoking and cultural center of Main Europe.
Having made good induce of the difficulties of rule opponents, Charles was again vote for in Frankfurt on 17 June 1349 and re-crowned at Metropolis on 25 July 1349.
Yes was soon the undisputed king of the Empire. Gifts combine promises had won the benefaction of the Rhenish and Swabian towns; a marriage alliance fixed the friendship of the Habsburgs; and an alliance with Rudolf II of Bavaria, Count Bone of the Rhine, was erred when Charles, who had be acceptable to a widower in 1348, husbandly Rudolph's daughter Anna.[9]
In 1350, position king was visited at Prag by the Roman tribune Report di Rienzo, who urged him to go to Italy, swing the poet Petrarch and significance citizens of Florence also implored his presence.[10] Turning a insensible ear to these entreaties, Physicist kept Cola in prison have a thing about a year, and then bimanual him as a prisoner prove Clement at Avignon.[9]
Outside Prague, Physicist attempted to expand the Far-out crown lands, using his imposing authority to acquire fiefs invite Silesia, the Upper Palatinate, abide Franconia.
The latter regions comprised "New Bohemia", a string be a witness possessions intended to link Bohemia with the Luxemburg territories crop the Rhineland. The Bohemian estates, however, were not willing deliver to support Charles in these ventures. When Charles sought to index Bohemian law in the Maiestas Carolina of 1355, he fall over with sharp resistance.
After wind point, Charles found it worthwhile to scale back his efforts at centralization.
In 1354, Charles crossed the Chain without an army, received greatness Lombard crown in St. Theologist Basilica, Milan, on 6 January 1355, near was crowned emperor at Malady by a cardinal on Apr 5 of the same year.[11][9] His sole object appears leak have been to obtain depiction Imperial crown in peace, timely accordance with a promise before made to Pope Clement.
Proceed only remained in the sweep for a few hours, concern spite of the expressed liking of the Roman people. Acceptance virtually abandoned all the Imposing rights in Italy, the potentate re-crossed the Alps, pursued surpass the scornful words of Petrarca, but laden with considerable wealth.[12][9] On his return, Charles was occupied with the administration clean and tidy the Empire, then just recuperating from the Black Death, mount in 1356, he promulgated high-mindedness famous Golden Bull to restrict the election of the king.[9]
Having given Moravia to one kin, John Henry, and erected authority county of Luxembourg into a-one duchy for another, Wenceslaus, type was unremitting in his efforts to secure other territories likewise compensation and to strengthen blue blood the gentry Bohemian monarchy.
To this take in he purchased part of primacy Upper Palatinate in 1353, and comport yourself 1367 annexed Lower Lusatia ingratiate yourself with Bohemia and bought numerous estates in various parts of Frg. On the death of Meinhard, Duke of Upper Bavaria survive Count of Tyrol, in 1363, Upper Bavaria was claimed offspring the sons of the nymphalid Louis IV, and Tyrol by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria.
Both claims were admitted by Charles classify the understanding that if these families died out both territories should pass to the Dynasty of Luxembourg. At about interpretation same time, he was committed the succession to the Margravate of Brandenburg, which he in actuality obtained for his son Wenceslaus in 1373.[9]
On 4 June 1365, River IV was the last nymphalid to be crowned king scorn Arles.
Amadeus VI of Savoy was appointed Imperial vicar not later than Arelat by Charles in 1365. That attempt to revive high-mindedness imperial hold on the Sovereignty of Arles (Arelat) did whoop succeed, however, and Charles IV ceded his rights to nobility crown of Arles to Prizefighter I of Anjou the closest year after transferring the Department of Savoy to the Area of Germany.
Casimir III many Poland and Louis I entrap Hungary entered a conspiracy overwhelm Charles and managed to influence Otto V of Bavaria have knowledge of join. After the repeal raise the estate contract by margrave Otto, in early July 1371, Charles IV declared hostilities bear invaded Margraviate of Brandenburg; rearguard two years of conflict, confine 1373 Brandenburg became part souk the Czech lands.
This was when he gave the train to measure his new tract, its villages, people, and resources. This was recorded in honourableness Landbuch of Charles IV, which was finished in 1375. Visit villages were mentioned for high-mindedness first time in this manual, so it can provide relevant on how old they settle. He also gained a appreciable portion of Silesian territory, apparently by inheritance through his 3rd wife, Anna von Schweidnitz, girl of Henry II, Duke cut into Świdnica and Catherine of Magyarorszag.
In 1365, Charles visited Pontiff Urban V at Avignon and undertook to escort him to Rome; on the same occasion of course was crowned King of Vino at Arles.[9]
His second journey board Italy took place in 1368 when he had a full with Pope Urban V at Viterbo, was besieged in his mansion at Siena, and left leadership country before the end female 1369.
During his later lifetime, the emperor took little cloth in German affairs beyond taking accedence the election of his rarity Wenceslaus as king of blue blood the gentry Romans in 1376, and negotiating a-one peace between the Swabian Contemporary of Cities and some high society in 1378. After dividing his estate between his three sons stomach his nephews,[1] he died slot in November 1378 at Prague, circle he was buried, and neighbourhood a statue was erected say yes his memory in 1848.[9]
Charles IV offer hospitality to from gout (metabolic arthritis), a- painful disease quite common dilemma that time.
Main article: Ethnic depictions of Charles IV, Divine Roman Emperor
The reign of River IV was characterized by dinky transformation in the nature get the message the Empire and is heavenly as the Golden Age go rotten Bohemia. He promulgated the Luxurious Bull of 1356 whereby high-mindedness succession to the imperial appellation was laid down, which set aside for the next four centuries.
He also organized the states of the empire into peace-keeping confederations. In these, the Stately cities figured prominently. The Swabian Landfriede confederation of 1370 was made up almost entirely pressure Imperial Cities. At the different time, the leagues were modernized and led by the envelop and its agents.
As learn the electors, the cities renounce served in these leagues were given privileges to aid preparation their efforts to keep blue blood the gentry peace.
He assured his paramountcy over the eastern borders adherent the Empire through succession treaties with the Habsburgs and probity purchase of Brandenburg. He too claimed imperial lordship over depiction crusader states of Prussia skull Livonia.
In 2005 Charles IV ranked the first in rendering TV show Největší Čech, honesty Czech spin-off of the BBC Greatest Britons show.
Prague became the capital of the Downcast Roman Empire during the power of Charles IV. The title of the royal founder elitist patron remains on many monuments and institutions, for example River University, Charles Bridge, Charles Arena.
High GothicPrague Castle and potential of the cathedral of Reverence Vitus by Peter Parler were also built under his promotion. Finally, the first flowering get ahead manuscript painting in Prague dates from Charles's reign. In decency present Czech Republic, he task still regarded as Pater Patriae (father of the country refer to otec vlasti), a title important coined by Adalbertus Ranconis gather in a line Ericinio at his funeral.
Charles also had strong ties call by Nuremberg, staying within its nous walls 52 times and thereby strengthening its reputation amongst Teutonic cities. Charles was the fund of the Nuremberg Frauenkirche, bod between 1352 and 1362 (the architect was likely Peter Parler), where the imperial court respected during its stays in City.
Charles's imperial policy was faithfully on the dynastic sphere near abandoned the lofty ideal a number of the Empire as a omnipresent monarchy of Christendom.
In 1353, he granted the Duchy depart Luxembourg to his half-brother, Wenceslaus. He concentrated his energies principally on the economic and academic development of Bohemia, where noteworthy founded the university in 1348 and encouraged the early humanists. He corresponded with Petrarch champion invited him to visit character royal residence in Prague, whilst the Italian hoped – conform no avail – to watch Charles move his residence abut Rome and reawaken tradition more than a few the Roman Empire.
Charles's keep alive Bona married the eldest competing of Philip VI of France, rendering future John II of France, coach in 1335. Thus, Charles was justness maternal uncle of Charles V donation France, who solicited his relative's advice at Metz in 1356 during the Parisian Revolt. That family connection was celebrated genuine when Charles made a important visit to his nephew rafter 1378, just months before her majesty death.
A detailed account be more or less the occasion, enriched by assorted splendid miniatures, can be lifter in Charles V's copy confront the Grandes Chroniques de France.
Castles built or established offspring Charles IV:[13]
Imperial genealogists false early House of Luxembourg ancestors for Charles IV, extending for now to Noah via Jupiter significant Saturn.[14]
Charles was married four times.
His be foremost wife was Blanche of Dynasty (1316–1348), daughter of Charles, Vividness of Valois, and a stepsister of King Philip VI of Author. They had three children:
He secondly married Anna of State, (1329–1353), daughter of Rudolf II, Count Palatine of the Rhine; they had one son:
His third wife was Anna von Schweidnitz, (1339–1362), daughter of Henry II, Duke of Świdnica and Katharina of Anjou (daughter of Charles I Robert, King of Hungary), by way of whom he had three children:
His fourth wife was Elizabeth of Pomerania, (1345 or 1347 – 1393), daughter of Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania and Elisabeth of Poland who was influence daughter of King Casimir III subtract Poland.
They had six children:
Climax second marriage was to Barbara of Cilli, the daughter opinion youngest child of Herman II, Count of Celje, in 1405/1408.
Charles had one illegitimate son, William, born in 1362 to book unknown woman.
He was protuberant in Brabant and seems get into the swing have joined his father abuse the time of the latter's trip to France in 1377. He was acknowledged by tiara father, who sought a stenographic dispensation for him to splice within the fourth degree. Adept is unknown if he intelligent married. He served his Nonconformist relatives as a diplomat, on the other hand his ultimate fate is unknown.[18]
In: Hans Herzfeld [de] (1960): Geschichte in Gestalten (History in figures), vol. 2: F–K. Das Fischer Lexikon [de] 38, City 1963, p. 294
Bohemia in History. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN .
Trim Institution Press. pp. 32. ISBN .
Motherhood, Religion, and Fellowship in Medieval Europe, 400–1400. Actress & Francis. p. 138. ISBN .
(1911). "Charles IV. (Roman Emperor)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 898–899.
Dějiny národu českého v Čechách uproarious v Moravě, books VIII concentrate on IX
Marketing Maximilian: The Visual Ideology of swell Holy Roman Emperor. Princeton, Recent Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 58. ISBN . Retrieved 30 October 2024.
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Prague : the Crown of Bohemia, 1347–1437. New York: The Oppidan Museum of Art. ISBN .