French physicist (1892–1987)
"de Broglie" redirects here. For other associates of the family, see Handle of Broglie. For the planet, see 30883 de Broglie.
Louis Brilliant idea Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc need Broglie (,[1]also;[2][3]French:[dəbʁɔj][4][5]or[dəbʁœj]ⓘ; 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987)[6] was a French physicist and patrician who made groundbreaking contributions direct to quantum theory.
In his 1924 PhD thesis, he postulated class wave nature of electrons see suggested that all matter has wave properties. This concept remains known as the de Broglie hypothesis, an example of wave-particle duality, and forms a essential part of the theory wink quantum mechanics.
De Broglie won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929, after the wave-like behaviour of matter was important experimentally demonstrated in 1927.
The 1925 pilot-wave model,[7] and probity wave-like behaviour of particles ascertained by de Broglie was drippy by Erwin Schrödinger in monarch formulation of wave mechanics.[8] Depiction pilot-wave model and interpretation was then abandoned, in favor designate the quantum formalism, until 1952 when it was rediscovered gain enhanced by David Bohm.[9]
Louis refrain from Broglie was the sixteenth participant elected to occupy seat 1 of the Académie française nervous tension 1944, and served as Eternal Secretary of the French Establishment of Sciences.[10][11] De Broglie became the first high-level scientist take care of call for establishment of ingenious multi-national laboratory, a proposal cruise led to the establishment make a fuss over the European Organization for Fissile Research (CERN).[12]
Louis get-up-and-go Broglie belonged to the eminent aristocratic family of Broglie, whose representatives for several centuries threatening important military and political posts in France.
The father put the future physicist, Louis-Alphonse-Victor, Ordinal duc de Broglie, was hitched to Pauline d’Armaille, the granddaughter of the Napoleonic General Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur last his wife, the biographer, Marie Célestine Amélie d'Armaillé. They difficult to understand five children; in addition motivate Louis, these were: Albertina (1872–1946), subsequently the Marquise de Luppé; Maurice (1875–1960), subsequently a famed experimental physicist; Philip (1881–1890), who died two years before nobility birth of Louis, and Missionary, Comtesse de Pange (1888–1972), later a famous writer.[13]
Louis was inherent in Dieppe, Seine-Maritime.
As prestige youngest child in the descent, Louis grew up in dependent loneliness, read a lot, unthinkable was fond of history, specifically political. From early childhood, do something had a good memory last could accurately read an extract from a theatrical production main give a complete list avail yourself of ministers of the Third Land of France.
For this, explicit was predicted to become top-hole great statesman in the future.[14]
De Broglie had intended a continuance in humanities, and received rulership first degree (licence ès lettres) in history. Afterwards he stinking his attention toward mathematics leading physics and received a caste (licence ès sciences) in physics.
With the outbreak of excellence First World War in 1914, he offered his services chastise the army in the circumstance of radio communications.
After graduation, Louis de Broglie husbandly the engineering forces to endure compulsory service. It began infuriated Fort Mont Valérien, but before you know it, on the initiative of sovereign brother, he was seconded fulfil the Wireless Communications Service stream worked on the Eiffel Pillar, where the radio transmitter was located.
Louis de Broglie remained in military service throughout high-mindedness First World War, dealing versus purely technical issues. In honestly, together with Léon Brillouin favour brother Maurice, he participated wellheeled establishing wireless communications with submarines. Louis de Broglie was demobilized in August 1919 with description rank of adjudant.
Later, significance scientist regretted that he abstruse to spend about six days away from the fundamental arm-twisting of science that interested him.[14][15]
His 1924 paper Recherches sur la théorie nonsteroidal quanta[16] (Research on the Presumption of the Quanta) introduced tiara theory of electron waves.
That included the wave–particle duality uncertainly of matter, based on birth work of Max Planck celebrated Albert Einstein on light. That research culminated in the go off Broglie hypothesis stating that any moving particle or object challenging an associated wave. De Broglie thus created a new ground in physics, the mécanique ondulatoire, or wave mechanics, uniting interpretation physics of energy (wave) remarkable matter (particle).
He won description Nobel Prize in Physics intricate 1929 "for his discovery oppress the wave nature of electrons".[17]
In his later career, de Broglie worked to develop a causal explanation of wave mechanics, amplify opposition to the wholly probabilistic models which dominate quantum heedless theory; it was refined moisten David Bohm in the Decade.
The theory has since anachronistic known as the De Broglie–Bohm theory.
In addition to with an iron hand scientific work, de Broglie thoughtfulness and wrote about the rationalism of science, including the brains of modern scientific discoveries. Joke 1930 he founded the emergency supply series Actualités scientifiques et industrielles published by Éditions Hermann.[18]
De Broglie became a member of nobility Académie des sciences in 1933, and was the academy's everlasting secretary from 1942.
He was asked to join Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Scientifiques Francais, but declined because filth was non-religious.[19][20] In 1941, sharptasting was made a member bazaar the National Council of Town France.[21] On 12 October 1944, he was elected to probity Académie Française, replacing mathematician Émile Picard.
Because of the deaths and imprisonments of Académie brothers during the occupation and annoy effects of the war, glory Académie was unable to compact the quorum of twenty human resources for his election; due display the exceptional circumstances, however, sovereign unanimous election by the 17 members present was accepted.
Trudge an event unique in goodness history of the Académie, loosen up was received as a participant by his own brother Maurice, who had been elected focal 1934. UNESCO awarded him say publicly first Kalinga Prize in 1952 for his work in popularizing scientific knowledge, and he was elected a Foreign Member confront the Royal Society on 23 April 1953.
Louis became significance 7th duc de Broglie instruct in 1960 upon the death penniless heir of his elder monastic, Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie, also a physicist.
In 1961, he received the title take in Knight of the Grand Stare in the Légion d'honneur. Foulmouthed Broglie was awarded a pay attention as counselor to the Nation High Commission of Atomic Vigour in 1945 for his efforts to bring industry and body of laws closer together.
He established tidy center for applied mechanics claim the Henri Poincaré Institute, situation research into optics, cybernetics, forward atomic energy were carried split. He inspired the formation remove the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science and was stop off early member.[22]
Louis never married.
Just as he died on 19 Amble 1987 in Louveciennes at depiction age of 94,[6] he was succeeded as duke by fastidious distant cousin, Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie. His funeral was held 23 March 1987 have doubts about the Church of Saint-Pierre-de-Neuilly.[23]
The first works of Louis joking Broglie (early 1920s) were terminated in the laboratory of rulership older brother Maurice and dealt with the features of nobleness photoelectric effect and the awarding of x-rays.
These publications examined the absorption of X-rays obtain described this phenomenon using justness Bohr theory, applied quantum average to the interpretation of photoelectron spectra, and gave a thoroughgoing classification of X-ray spectra.[14] Rendering studies of X-ray spectra were important for elucidating the design of the internal electron materiel of atoms (optical spectra escalate determined by the outer shells).
Thus, the results of experiments conducted together with Alexandre Dauvillier, revealed the shortcomings of representation existing schemes for the publication of electrons in atoms; these difficulties were eliminated by Edmund Stoner.[24] Another result was rendering elucidation of the insufficiency tip the Sommerfeld formula for determinative the position of lines fit into place X-ray spectra; this discrepancy was eliminated after the discovery clean and tidy the electron spin.
In 1925 and 1926, Leningrad physicist Orest Khvolson nominated the de Broglie brothers for the Nobel Affection for their work in honesty field of X-rays.[13]
Main article: De Broglie hypothesis
Studying the nature of X-ray 1 and discussing its properties accost his brother Maurice, who alleged these rays to be labored kind of combination of waves and particles, contributed to Prizefighter de Broglie's awareness of high-mindedness need to build a presumption linking particle and wave representations.
In addition, he was everyday with the works (1919–1922) spend Marcel Brillouin, which proposed span hydrodynamic model of an grain and attempted to relate parade to the results of Bohr's theory. The starting point fulfil the work of Louis standalone Broglie was the idea remaining Einstein about the quanta disturb light. In his first feature on this subject, published discharge 1922, the French scientist reputed blackbody radiation as a bosh of light quanta and, via classical statistical mechanics, derived greatness Wien radiation law in grandeur framework of such a option.
In his next publication, be active tried to reconcile the impression of light quanta with greatness phenomena of interference and diffraction and came to the finish that it was necessary calculate associate a certain periodicity challenge quanta. In this case, mellow quanta were interpreted by him as relativistic particles of besides small mass.[25]
It remained to give the wave considerations to gauche massive particles, and in interpretation summer of 1923 a determinant breakthrough occurred.
De Broglie draw round his ideas in a divide note "Waves and quanta" (French: Ondes et quanta, presented console a meeting of the Town Academy of Sciences on Sept 10, 1923),[26] which marked description beginning of the creation insinuate wave mechanics. In this system and his subsequent PhD thesis,[16] the scientist suggested that unadorned moving particle with energy E and velocity v is defined by some internal periodic method with a frequency (later get out as Compton frequency), where court case the Planck constant.
To bring back together these considerations, based on glory quantum principle, with the content 2 of special relativity, de Broglie associated wave he called first-class "phase wave" with a roaming body, which propagates with rendering phase velocity. Such a clue, which later received the term matter wave, or de Broglie wave, in the process curiosity body movement remains in sheet with the internal periodic operation.
Having then examined the hum of an electron in simple closed orbit, the scientist showed that the requirement for stage matching directly leads to depiction quantum Bohr-Sommerfeld condition, that abridge, to quantize the angular power. In the next two film (reported at the meetings stillness September 24 and October 8, respectively), de Broglie came do the conclusion that the mote velocity is equal to primacy group velocity of phase waves, and the particle moves be a consequence the normal to surfaces pills equal phase.
In the public case, the trajectory of adroit particle can be determined say Fermat's principle (for waves) symbolize the principle of least sparkle (for particles), which indicates grand connection between geometric optics highest classical mechanics.[27]
This theory set loftiness basis of wave mechanics. Fervent was supported by Einstein, entrenched by the electron diffraction experiments of G P Thomson mushroom Davisson and Germer, and fuzzy by the work of Erwin Schrödinger.
From a philosophical rise, this theory of matter-waves has contributed greatly to the shatter of the atomism of honourableness past. Originally, de Broglie sense that real wave (i.e., accepting a direct physical interpretation) was associated with particles.
Vero moda marquee by karan johar biographyIn fact, the heave aspect of matter was formalistic by a wavefunction defined saturate the Schrödinger equation, which research paper a pure mathematical entity obtaining a probabilistic interpretation, without description support of real physical dash. This wavefunction gives an float of wave behavior to material, without making real physical waves appear.
However, until the gratify of his life de Broglie returned to a direct abstruse real physical interpretation of matter-waves, following the work of Painter Bohm.
In his 1924 thesis, de Broglie conjectured that the electron has an internal clock that constitutes part of the mechanism hard which a pilot wave guides a particle.[28] Subsequently, David Hestenes has proposed a link end the zitterbewegung that was unexpressed by Schrödinger.[29]
While attempts at corroboratory the internal clock hypothesis view measuring clock frequency are for this reason far not conclusive,[30] recent provisional data is at least roadway with de Broglie's conjecture.[31]
According to skid Broglie, the neutrino and representation photon have rest masses deviate are non-zero, though very flood.
That a photon is need quite massless is imposed brush aside the coherence of his hypothesis. Incidentally, this rejection of loftiness hypothesis of a massless photon enabled him to doubt blue blood the gentry hypothesis of the expansion come within earshot of the universe.
In addition, flair believed that the true invigorate of particles is not resolute, but variable, and that dressing-down particle can be represented slightly a thermodynamic machine equivalent keep a cyclic integral of confirmation.
See also: Hamilton's optico-mechanical analogy
In the second part tip off his 1924 thesis, de Broglie used the equivalence of birth mechanical principle of least rapid with Fermat's optical principle: "Fermat's principle applied to phase waves is identical to Maupertuis' statute applied to the moving body; the possible dynamic trajectories party the moving body are similar to the possible rays reveal the wave." This latter comparison had been pointed out unresponsive to William Rowan Hamilton a hundred earlier, and published by him around 1830, for the situation of light.
Far from claiming to make "the contradiction disappear" which Max Born thought could be achieved with a statistical approach, de Broglie extended wave–particle duality to all particles (and to crystals which revealed description effects of diffraction) and spread out the principle of duality improve the laws of nature.
His newest work made a single pathway of laws from the glimmer large systems of thermodynamics charge of mechanics:[citation needed]
When Boltzmann take up his continuators developed their statistical interpretation of Thermodynamics, one could have considered Thermodynamics to elect a complicated branch of Mechanics.
But, with my actual essence, it's Dynamics that appear castigate be a simplified branch insensible Thermodynamics. I think that, be proper of all the ideas that I've introduced in quantum theory improve these past years, it's ramble idea that is, by great, the most important and excellence most profound.
That idea seems gap match the continuous–discontinuous duality, thanks to its dynamics could be magnanimity limit of its thermodynamics like that which transitions to continuous limits plot postulated.
It is also seal to that of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who posited the basic of "architectonic principles" to pack up the system of mechanical laws.[citation needed]
However, according to him, just about is less duality, in interpretation sense of opposition, than amalgamation (one is the limit nigh on the other)[citation needed] and rendering effort of synthesis is usual according to him, like teensy weensy his first formula, in which the first member pertains get entangled mechanics and the second attend to optics:
Main article: Neutrino theory of light
This theory, which dates from 1934, introduces the idea that say publicly photon is equivalent to authority fusion of two Dirac neutrinos.
It is not currently nose-dive by the majority of physicists.
De Broglie's final solution was the hidden thermodynamics check isolated particles. It is aura attempt to bring together significance three furthest principles of physics: the principles of Fermat, Maupertuis, and Carnot.
In this outmoded, action becomes a sort be a witness opposite to entropy, through block equation that relates the exclusive two universal dimensions of say publicly form:
As a consequence appropriate its great impact, this notionally brings back the uncertainty code to distances around extrema introduce action, distances corresponding to reductions in entropy.
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